高速公路隧道群交通事故风险致因分析

通过对高速公路隧道群特殊地理环境所造成的交通事故后果风险与救援时间的相关分析,提出隧道群交通事故风险致因模型,该模型将隧道群交通事故风险划分3个风险阶段,即初始事故风险、事故发展风险、最终事故风险,不同阶段的风险值受人的因素、车辆因素、隧道群环境因素和防灾救援能力大小的影响而改变。通过对隧道群的风险因素分析,认为隧道群在两毗邻隧道间将可能产生烟雾风险,驾驶人员视觉快速转换的照明风险,以及交通事故防灾控制风险;同时统计的隧道群防灾救援时间概率分布表明,救援队伍能在一定时间内快速到达事故现场,并对较晚到达事故现场救援情况,基于风险分析而提出相应的防范对策和措施。     

某大型地下洞室群围岩稳定性工程地质评价

某水电站布置有大型的地下洞室群,其规模在国内外已建和拟建的工程中都是十分罕见的。总体上说,地下厂房区岩体质量较好,但由于多期的构造作用,在厂房区岩层中发育有不同级别的结构面,对围岩的稳定性有一定影响。对此,本文运用围岩分类法和数值模拟法分析了厂房开挖后围岩的整体稳定性,然后运用UNWEDGE软件对主厂房顶拱部位的不稳定块体进行了分析评价。     

考虑群体差异的公路客运站旅客集聚行为分析

为降低客运站高峰期旅客集聚引起的安全隐患,利用公路客运全样本购票数据,首先,从集聚概率、集聚时长、集聚强度3个维度构建旅客集聚行为量化模型,获取工作日、节假日及春运不同等级客运站客流集聚特征;然后,考虑旅客个体属性与出行特征属性,分析不同旅客群体的集聚行为特征;最后,通过差异性检验解析集聚行为的影响因素,并提出降低安全...     

厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理工艺的污水处理厂进出水的毒性评价

为了准确评估厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A²/O）处理工艺对废水毒性的削减效率，采用斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性实验、发光细菌急性毒性实验和小鼠L929细胞毒性实验进行测试，结合理化指标，通过毒性当量（TU）法、平均毒性（AvTx）法、毒性指数（TxPr）法、最敏感测试（MST）法和潜在生态毒性效应（PEEP）法对常州市6家污水处理厂（生活污水、综合废水、化工废水、制药废水）进水和出水的生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明，斑马鱼胚胎的毒性敏感程度最高，3种受试生物的毒性评价结果具有较好的一致性。理化达标的污水处理厂出水仍存在一定的生物毒性效应，出水毒性较大的是综合污水处理厂，排入受纳水体后可能会对周围的生态环境产生潜在的生态风险。A²/O处理工艺对各污水处理厂进水的毒性削减较好，其中对制药废水的毒性削减最高，AvTx、TxPr、MST和PEEP的毒性削减率分别为99.45%、99.64%、99.48%和69.66%。与AvTx、TxPr、MST法相比，PEEP法能够更综合地评价废水毒性。     

基于民生满意度的资源型城市转型绩效测度及群体差异研究——以湖北省黄石市为例

民生满意度评价是资源型城市转型绩效测度的终端体现,对于改善转型绩效、促进资源型城市可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。论文以民生满意度为视角,从居民生计、公共服务、民生环境、文化消费4个方面构建资源型城市转型绩效测度指标体系,采用专家群决策及AHP方法确定指标权重,运用顾客满意度评价法对黄石这一典型资源型城市转型绩效进行测度并进一步揭示被调查群体的差异特征。研究结果表明:1)基于民生满意度的黄石市转型绩效测度值为4.17,总体上处于"优秀"等级水平,但在某些局部指标上仍略显不足;2)黄石市转型绩效存在由被调查者特征而引起的群体和区域差异:不同性别、年龄、文化程度、职业类别、家庭年经济收入群体对转型民生满意度评价不同,并呈现一定规律;从区域差异来看,铁山区、大冶市等传统老矿区依托国家资源型城市转型政策支持,转型民生满意度绩效值相对较高,西塞山区、下陆区、黄石港区等中心城区历史包袱沉重、转型升级民生满意度暂时落后,以阳新为代表的农业县市,民众对于转型的认知和感受相对滞后,转型升级民生满意度居末;3)黄石市转型的民生满意度赋值与其物质产出绩效具有一致性。     

Identification of visible colored dissolved organic matter in biological and tertiary municipal effluents using multiple approaches including PARAFAC analysis

This study provided insights into the persistent yellowish color in biological and tertiary effluents of municipal wastewater through a multi-characterization approach and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis. The characterization was performed on three to five full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), including differential log-transformed absorbance (DLnA) spectroscopy, resin fractionation, size-exclusion chromatography for apparent molecular weight analysis (SEC-AMW), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Hydrophobic acids (HPOA) were abundant in visible colored dissolved organic matter (DOM). The SEC-AMW result showed that the molecular weight of the colored substances in the secondary effluents is mainly distributed in the range of 2–3 kDa. Through XPS analysis, C-O/C-N and pyrrolic/pyridonic (N-5) were found to be positively correlated with chroma. PARAFAC component models were built on biological (two components) and tertiary effluent (three components) and the correlation analysis revealed that PARAFAC component 2 in biological effluent (BE-C2) and component 1 in tertiary effluent (TE-C1), which were ascribed to Hydrophobic acids and Humic acid-like, were the responsible visible colored DOM components cause yellowish color. In addition, component similarity testing found that the identified visible colored DOM PARAFAC BE-C2, and PARAFAC TE-C1 were identical (0.96) in physicochemical properties, with 4% removal efficacy on average, compared with 11% for invisible colored DOM. This implied that tertiary effluents containing colorants (TE-C1) were resistant to degradation/removal using different disinfection and filtration processes in advanced treatments. This sheds light on many physicochemical aspects of PARAFAC-identified visible colored DOM components and provides spectral data to build an online monitoring system.     

Socioeconomic evaluation of the impact of natural resource stressors on human-use services in the Great Lakes environment: A Lake Michigan case study

The Great Lakes watershed is home to over 40 million people (Canadian and U.S.) who depend on a healthy Great Lakes ecosystem for economic, societal, and personal vitality. The challenge to policymakers and the public is to balance economic benefits with the need to conserve and replenish regional natural resources in a manner that ensures long term prosperity. Nine critical broad-spectrum stressors of ecological services are identified, which include pollution and contamination, agricultural erosion, non-native species, degraded recreational resources, loss of wetlands habitat, climate change, risk of clean water shortage, vanishing sand dunes, and population overcrowding. Many of these stressors overlap. For example, mining activities alone can create stress in at least five of these categories. The focus groups were conducted to examine the public’s awareness of, concern with, and willingness to expend resources on these stressors. This helped generate a grouping of stressors that the public is especially concerned about, those they care little about, and everything else in between. Stressors that the respondents have direct contact with tend to be the most important to them. This approach of using focus groups is a critical first step in helping natural resource managers such as Trustees and NGOs understand what subsequent steps to take and develop policy measures that are of most interest and value to the public. Skipping or glossing over this key first task could lead to difficulties with respect to survey design and model development in a non-market valuation study. The focus group results show that concern related to pollution and contamination is much higher than for any of the others. It is thus clear that outreach programs may be necessary to educate the public about the severity of some low-ranked stressors including climate change.     

离柳矿区石炭系薄层灰岩渗透系数空间分布研究

基于矿井涌水量计算及水资源评价需要,首先运用注水试验代替抽水试验,求取了太原组灰岩含水层的渗透系数.根据后期同一含水层井下放水试验资料,利用VISUAL MODFLOW建立了水文地质三维非稳定流数值模型,通过分区拟合调参,获得了含水层各分区的渗透系数.通过对渗透系数及其空间分布规律的对比研究,发现渗透系数随含水层埋深增大而逐渐减小.注水试验比放水试验所得渗透系数值小,前者是后者的35.6％-50.8％.     

盐城湿地大米草-芦苇群落对生活污水净化效果的实验研究

大米草、芦苇群落对COD、N、P和NH4-N等污染物有着明显的净化作用,这对潮间带水质稳定起着积极的作用.研究发现在同一淹水深度下,随着群落盖度的增加,芦苇与大米草对有机物、N,P的净化能力也随之增强;而随着淹水深度的增加,大米草对COD的去除率在淹水深度为30 cm时效果最佳;而芦苇群落对COD去除率随淹水深度的增加呈缓慢下降的趋势.光照能够促进湿地植物群落对污染物的净化,但受植物群落垂直结构与淹水深度的影响很大.在群落盖度大于60%、淹水深度为30 cm与当前水质条件下,大米草、芦苇二者联合净化作用在一个潮周期内对有机物、N、P和NH4-N分别可达33.6、24.9、20.8和27.6%以上.